Lagina and the Ionian Renaissance: A New Contribution to the Chronological Definition of the Ionian Renaissance in Light of the Construction Techniques in the Temple of Hecate and Propylon
Aytekin BÜYÜKÖZER
Abstract
“lonian Renaissance” is characterized by a revival of Archaic Anatolian architecture influenced by both contemporaneous mainland Greek architecture and substantial technical features introduced by the Hekatomnids and their architects. In this period, new construction programs were undertaken in many cities, and some characteristic construction techniques came to the forefront in these new buildings, such as the double-binder system in the corners, the Karian-Ionian lewis holes, and visible dovetail clamps, which are generally applied on stairs and stylobate blocks. Even though the chronological boundaries of the Ionian Renaissance cannot be precisely defined, the generally accepted view is that it started during the reign of Mausolus and continued until about 200 BC. The Karian-Ionian lewis holes, one of the characteristic applications of the Ionian Renaissance, were used in the Temple of Hecate and visible dovetail clamps were used in the Propylon. The fact that these techniques, which are chronologically limited to about 200 BC, are seen in the temple dating back to the late Hellenistic period and in the Propylon dating back to the early imperial period makes the applications in Lagina important. Researchers have assumed the use of these technical details in Lagina to be evidence that the structures belong to an earlier period or early stages of construction. However, such an association is not possible when the inscriptions in the sacred area, stylistic conventions on the architectural decorations of the structures and the historical course of Stratonikeia and Lagina are considered. It should not be concluded from the uses in Lagina that the temple dates back to an earlier date due to the Karian-Ionian lewis cuttings and the Propylon dates back to an earlier date due to the visible clamps. Here, it should be concluded that these techniques continued to be used long after 200 BC as they were applied in the structures dating back to the late Hellenistic and early imperial periods.
Antik Kaynaklar
|
Polyb. |
(= Polybios, Historiai) Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: The Histories. With an English translation by W.R. Paton, vols. I-IV. Cambridge, Mass. London 1922. |
Modern Kaynaklar
|
Alzinger 1974 |
W. Alzinger, Augusteische Architektur in Ephesos, Wien, 1974. |
|
Ateşlier 2017 |
S. Ateşlier, “Anadolu’da Pers Dönemi Yapıları-Architecture During the Persian Period in Anatolia”, Ed. K. İren – Ç. Karagöz – Ö. Kaser. Persler, Anadolu’da Kudret ve Görkem-The Persians, Power and Glory in Anatolia, İstanbul, 2017, 162-171. |
|
Aydaş 2018 |
M. Aydaş, Koranza ile Lagina, İstanbul, 2018. |
|
Aylward 2005 |
W. Aylward, “The Portico and Propylaia of the Sanctuary of the Ilias at Ilion”, Studia Troica 15 (2005), 127-175. |
|
Bammer 1972 |
A. Bammer, Die Architektur des jüngeren Artemision von Ephesos, Wiesbaden, 1972. |
|
Baran 2002 |
A. Baran, “Hekatomnidler Devri (Ionia Rönesansı)”, İdol 14 (2002), 18-23. |
|
Baran 2010 |
A. Baran, Hekatomnidler Öncesinde Karia Mimarisi, Ankara, 2010. |
|
Baumeister 2007 |
P. Baumeister, Der Fries des Hekateions von Lagina, Neue Untersuchungen zu Monument und Kontext, Byzas 6, İstanbul, 2007. |
|
Bingöl 1998 |
O. Bingöl, Magnesia ad Maeandrum, Ankara, 1998. |
|
Boersma 1970 |
J. S. Boersma, Athenian Building Policy from 561/0 to 405/4 B.C., Groningen, 1970. |
|
Brockman 1968 |
A. D. Brockmann, Die Griechische Ante, Eine Typologische Untersuchung, Marburg, 1968. |
|
Büyüközer 2015 |
A. Büyüközer, “Lagina Hekate Kutsal Alanı Güney Propylonu”, Cedrus III (2015), 67-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.2015011396 |
|
Büyüközer 2018 |
A. Büyüközer, “The Sanctuary of Hekate at Lagina in the 4th Century BC”, Arkhaia Anatolika 1 (2018), 15-30. DOI: 10.32949/Arkhaia.2018.1 |
|
Carpenter 1970 |
J. R. Carpenter, The Propylon in Greek and Hellenistic Architecture. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Pennsylvania Üniversitesi, Philadelphia, 1970. |
|
Chamonard 1895 |
J. Chamonard, “Les Sculptures de la Frise du Temple d’Hekate a Lagina”, BCH 19 (1895), 235–262. |
|
Demirtaş 2010 |
B. Demirtaş, “Karia-İonia Tipi Kurt Ağzı Kanca ve Magnesia Artemis Tapınağı”, Eds. S. Aybek – A. K. Öz. Metropolis Ionia II. Yolların Kesiştiği Yer. Recep Meriç İçin Yazılar, İstanbul, 2010, 105-114. |
|
Demirtaş 2015 |
B. Demirtaş, “Karia-İonia Tipi Kurtağzı Kanca: Letoon, Leto Tapınağı Örnekleri”, Eds. H. İşkan – F. Işık. Kum’dan Kente Patara Kazılarının 25 Yılı, İstanbul, 2015, 133-144. |
|
Diehl – Cousin 1887 |
C. Diehl – G. Cousin, “Inscriptions de Lagina”, BCH 11 (1887) 5-39. |
|
Dinsmoor 1950 |
W. B. Dinsmoor, The Architecture of Ancient Greece, London, 1950. |
|
Dörpfeld 1902 |
W. Dörpfeld, Troja und Ilion, Athens, 1902. |
|
Dörpfeld 1935 |
W. Dörpfeld, Alt-Olympia. Untersuchungen und Ausgrabungen zur Geschichte des ältesten Heiligtums von Olympia und der älteren griechischen Kunts, Berlin, 1935. |
|
Dyggve 1960 |
E. Dyggve, Le Sanctuaire d’Athana Lindia et l’architecture Lindienne, Lindos III.1. Fouilles de l’Acropole 1902-1914 et 1952, Berlin, 1960. |
|
Etienne – Varene 2004 |
R. Étienne – P. Varène, Sanctuaire de Claros L’Architecture. Les propylées et les monuments de la voie sacrée, Paris, 2004. |
|
Fiasco 2016 |
A. Fiasco, “Praeneste, Fortuna Primigenia e il suo santuario a più di settant'anni dalla sua (ri)scoperta”, Ed. J. M. Merz. Il Santuario della Fortuna in Palestrina. Vedute ed interpretazioni attraverso i secoli, Palestrina, 2016, 81-95. |
|
Gider 2005 |
Z. Gider, Laginadaki Dor Mimarisi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Denizli, 2005. |
|
Gider 2012 |
Z. Gider, “Lagina Kuzey Stoanın Ön Cephe Düzenlemesi”. Ed. B. Söğüt. Stratonikeia’dan Lagina’ya, A. A. Tırpan’a Armağan. İstanbul, 2012, 263-280. |
|
Gider-Büyüközer 2013 |
Z. Gider-Büyüközer, Karia Bölgesi Dor Mimarisi. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya, 2013. |
|
Gider-Büyüközer 2019 |
Z. Gider-Büyüközer, “Anadolu Dor Mimarisi: MÖ 4. Yüzyıl”, Arkhaia Anatolika 2 (2019), 102-165. DOI: 10.32949/Arkhaia.2019.10. |
|
Hatzfeld 1920 |
J. Hatzfeld, “Inscriptions de Lagina en Carie”, BCH 44 (1920), 70-100. |
|
Hellström 2007 |
P. Hellström, Labraunda: Karya Zeus Labraundos Kutsal Alanı Gezi Rehberi, İstanbul, 2007. |
|
Jeppesen 2002 |
K. Jeppesen, The Maussolleion At Halikarnassos 5. The Superstructure, Aarhus, 2002. |
|
Jeppesen 1955 |
K. Jeppesen, Labraunda I, 1: The Propylaea, Lund, 1955. |
|
Karlsson 1994 |
L. Karlsson, “Thoughts About Fortifications in Caria From Maussollos to Demetrios Poliorketes”, Eds. P. Debord – R. Descat. Fortifications et Défense du Territoire en Asie Mineure Occidentale et Méridionale, Bordeaux, 1994, 141-154. |
|
Kästner 2014 |
V. Kästner, “Athena Kutsal Alanı”, Eds. F. Pirson – A. Scholl. Anadolu’da Bir Hellenistik Başkent Pergamon, İstanbul, 2014, 438-453. |
|
Knackfuß 1908 |
H. Knackfuß, Das Rathaus von Milet, Milet 1.2. Berlin, 1908. |
|
Krischen 1922 |
F. Kirschen, Die Befestigungen von Herakleia am Latmos. Milet III/2. Berlin, 1922. |
|
Kökdemir 2009 |
G. Kökdemir, Menderes Magnesiası-Propylon. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara, 2009. |
|
Kökdemir 2011 |
G. Kökdemir, “Menderes Magnesiası – Propylon: Mimari Bezemeler”, Anadolu 37 (2011), 93-141. |
|
Laumonier 1937 |
A. Laumonier, “Archéologie Carienne”, BCH 60 (1937), 286-335. |
|
Laumonier 1938 |
A. Laumonier, “Recherches sur la chronologie des prêtres de Lagina”, BCH 62 (1938), 251-284. |
|
Livadiotti 1995 |
M. Livadiotti, “Il “tempio di Zeus Alseios” a Coo. Una nuova ipotesi di interpretazione”, Palladio 14 (1995), 19-28. |
|
Livadiotti – Rocco 1996 |
M. Livadiotti – G. Rocco, La presenza Italiana nel Dodecaneso tra il 1912 e il 1948. La ricerca archeologica, la conservazione, le scelte progettuali, Roma, 1996. |
|
Martin 1965 |
R. Martin, Manuel D’Architecture Grecque, Paris, 1965. |
|
McCredie 1979 |
J. R. McCredie, “Samothrace: Supplementary Investigations, 1968-1977”, Hesperia 48.1 (1979), 1-44. |
|
McNicoll 1997 |
A. W. McNicoll, Hellenistic Fortifications From the Aegean to the Euphrates, Oxford, 1997. |
|
Mendel 1912 |
G. Mendel, Catalogue des Sculptures Grecques, Romaines et Byzantines du Musees Imperiaux Ottomans, Constantinople I- III, İstanbul, 1912. |
|
Mert 2008 |
İ. H. Mert, Untersuchungen zur hellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Bauornamentik von Stratonikeia, IstForsch 50, Tübingen, 2008. |
|
Müller-Wiener 1988 |
W. Müller-Wiener, Griechisches Bauwesen in der Antike, München, 1988. |
|
Morricone 1950 |
L. Morricone, “Scavi e ricerche a Coo (1935-1943): Relazione preliminare. Part I”, BdA 35 (1950), 54-75. |
|
Nix – Schmidt 1900 |
L. Nix – W. Schmidt, Herons von Alexandria Mechanik und Katoptrik, Leipzig, 1900. |
|
Noack 1910 |
F. Noack, Die Baukunst des Altertums, Berlin, 1910. |
|
Ortaç 2001 |
M. Ortaç, Die hellenistischen und römischen Propyla in Kleinasien. Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ruhr Üniversitesi, Bochum, 2001. |
|
Öğün – Işık 2003 |
Öğün, B. – C. Işık, Kaunos. Kbid, İzmir, 2003. |
|
Pedersen 1994 |
P. Pedersen, “The Fortifications of Halikarnassos”, Eds. P. Debord – R. Descat. Fortifications et Défense du Territoire en Asie Mineure Occidentale et Méridionale, Bordeaux, 1994, 215-236. |
|
Pedersen 1999 |
P. Pedersen, “Investigations in Halikarnassos 1997”, 16. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı-II, 1999, 325-344. |
|
Pedersen 2001/2002 |
P. Pedersen, “Reflections on the Ionian Renaissance”, Hephaistos 19/20 (2001/2002), 97-130. |
|
Pedersen 2004 |
P. Pedersen, “Pergamon and the Ionian Renaissance”, IstMitt 54 (2004), 409-434. |
|
Pedersen 2011 |
P. Pedersen, “The Ionian Renaissance and Alexandria seen from the perspective of a Karia-Ionian lewis hole”, Eds. L. Karlsson- S. Carlsson. Labraunda and Karia. Proceedings of the International Symposium Commemorating Sixty Years of Swedish Archaeological Work in Labraunda, Upsala, 2011, 365-388. |
|
Pedersen 2012 |
P. Pedersen, “Lagina and the Ionian Renaissance”, Ed. B. Söğüt. Stratonikeia’dan Lagina’ya Ahmet Adil Tırpan Armağanı, İstanbul, 2012, 513-525. |
|
Pedersen 2013 |
P. Pedersen, “The 4th century BC ‘Ionian Renaissance’ and Karian Identity”, Ed. O. Henry. 4th Century Karia. Defining a Karian Identity under the Hekatomnids, Varia Anatolica XXVIII, İstanbul, 2013, 33-64. |
|
Pedersen – Ruppe 2016 |
Pedersen, P. – U. Ruppe, “The Fortifications at Halikarnassos and Priene: Some Regional Characterıstıcs?”, Eds. R. Frederiksen – S. Müth – P. I. Schneider – M. Schnelle. Focus on Fortifications, Oxford, 2016, 560-580. |
|
Pfrommer 1987 |
M. Pfrommer, “Überlegungen zur Baugeschichte des Naiskos im Apollon Tempel zu Didyma”, IstMitt 37 (1987), 145-240. |
|
Rostoker – Gebhard 1980 |
W. Rostoker – E. R. Gebhard, “The Sanctuary of Poseidon at Istmia: Techniques of Metal Manufacture”, Hesperia 49. 4 (1980), 347-363. |
|
Rumscheid 1994 |
F. Rumscheid, Untersuchungen zur Kleinasiatischen Bauornamentik des Hellenismus I-II, Mainz, 1994. |
|
Rumscheid 2004 |
F. Rumscheid, “Der Tempel des Augustus und der Roma in Mylasa. Eine kreative Mischung östlicher und westlicher Architektur”. JdI 119 (2004), 131-178 |
|
Schober 1933 |
A. Schober, Der Fries des Hekateions von Lagina, IstForsch 2, 1933. |
|
Simon 1993 |
E. Simon, “Der Laginafries und der Hekatehymnos in Hesiods Theogonie”, AA 108 (1933), 277-284. |
|
Shoe 1950 |
L. T. Shoe, “Greek Mouldings of Kos and Rhodes”, Hesperia 19.4 (1950), 338-369. |
|
Söğüt 2019 |
B. Söğüt, Stratonikeia (Eskihisar) ve Kutsal Alanları, İstanbul, 2019. |
|
Stamper 2005 |
J. W. Stamper, The Architecture of Roman Temples, Cambridge, 2005. |
|
Stevens 1936 |
G. P. Stevens, “The Periclean Entrance Court of the Acropolis of Athens”, Hesperia 5.4 (1936) 443-520. |
|
Stucchi 1975 |
S. Stucchi, Architettura Cirenaica, Roma, 1975. |
|
I. Stratonikeia |
M. Ç. Şahin, Die Inschriften von Stratonikeia, IK 22.1. Bonn 1982. |
|
Tırpan 1996 |
A. A. Tırpan, “Lagina Kazısı 1993-1994”, 17. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı-II, 1996, 209-227. |
|
Tırpan 1997 |
A. A. Tırpan, “Lagina Hekate Temenosu 1995”, 18. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı–II, 1997, 309-336. |
|
Tırpan 1998a |
A. A. Tırpan, “Lagina Hekate Propylonu 1996”, 19. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı-II, 1998, 173-194. |
|
Tırpan 1998b |
A. A. Tırpan, Stratonikeia Augustus-İmparatorlar Tapınağı, Konya, 1998. |
|
Tırpan – Gider 2011 |
A. A. Tırpan – Z. Gider, “Lagina ve Börükçü 2009 Yılı Çalışmaları”. 32. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı-II, 2011, 374-395. |
|
Tırpan et al. 2012 |
A. A. Tırpan – Z. Gider – A. Büyüközer, “The Temple of Hekate at Lagina”. Ed. T. Schulz. Dipteros und Pseudodipteros: Bauhistorische und Archäologische Forschungen, Internationale Tagung (13-15 November 2009, Regensburg), Byzas 12, İstanbul, 2012, 181-202. |
|
Hellström – Thieme 1982 |
P. Hellström – T. Thieme, Labraunda Swedish Excavations and Researches, Vol. 1.3: The Temple of Zeus, Stockholm, 1982. |
|
Van Bremen 2010 |
R. van Bremen, “The Inscribed Documents on the Temple of Hekate at Lagina nd the Date and Meaning of the Temple Frieze”, Eds. R. van Bremen – J. M. Carbon. Hellenistik Karia. Bordeaux, 2010, 483-503. |
|
von Gerkan – Krischen 1928 |
A. von Gerkan – F. Krischen, Thermen und Palaestren, Milet 1.9., Berlin, 1928. |
|
von Hesberg 1994 |
H. von Hesberg, Formen privater Repräsentation in der Baukunst des 2. Und 1. Jahrhunderts v. Chr., Köln, 1994. |
|
Webb 1996 |
P. A. Webb, Hellenistic Architectural Sculpture: figural motifs in western Anatolia and the Aegean Islands, Madison/Wise, 1996. |
|
Winter 1994 |
F. E. Winter, “Problems of Tradition and Innovation in Greek Fortifications in Asia Minor, Late Fifth to Third Century B. C.”, Eds. P. Debord – R. Descat. Fortifications et Défense du Territoire en Asie Mineure Occidentale et Méridionale, Bordeaux, 1994, 29-52. |
|
Yegül 2014 |
F. Yegül, “Roman Imperial Baths and Thermae”, Eds. R. B. Ulrich – C. K. Quenemoen. A Companion to Roman Architecture, Chichester, 2014, 299-323. |
|
Yegül – Favro 2019 |
F. Yegül – D. Favro, Roman Architecture and Urbanism, From the Origins to Late Antiquity, Cornwall, 2019. |
|
Yılmaz 2004 |
E. Yılmaz, “Lagina Propylonu Anta Başlıkları”, Türk Arkeoloji ve Etnografya Dergisi 4 (2004), 29-38. |
|
Yılmaz 2010 |
B. Yılmaz, Batı Anadolu’da Hellenistik Dönem Anta Başlıkları. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Denizli 2010. |
|
Yılmaz 2019 |
B. Yılmaz, “Stratonikeia Antik Kenti’ndeki Anadolu-İon ve Korinth Tipi Anta Başlıkları”, Ed. B. Söğüt. Stratonikeia Çalışmaları 4. Mimari, Heykel ve Küçük Buluntu Araştırmaları, İstanbul, 2019, 123-138. |
|
Zarmakoupi 2014 |
M. Zarmakoupi, “Private Villas: Italy and the Provinces”, Eds. R. B. Ulrich – C. K. Quenemoen. A Companion to Roman Architecture, Chichester, 2014, 363-380. |
A. Büyüközer, “Lagina ve Ionia Rönesansı: Tapınak ve Propylon’daki Uygulamalar Işığında Ionia Rönesansı’nın Kronolojik Tanımlamasına Yeni Bir Katkı”, Arkhaia Anatolika 2 (2019), 195-217. DOI: 10.32949/Arkhaia.2019.12